![]() ![]() ![]() Earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPA's early space programs were also transferred to NASA. A significant contributor to NASA's entry into the Space Race with the Soviet Union was the technology from the German rocket program led by Wernher von Braun, who was now working for the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), which in turn incorporated the technology of American scientist Robert Goddard's earlier works. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA. When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 43-year-old NACA intact its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, three major research laboratories ( Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory) and two small test facilities. On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing NASA. While this new federal agency would conduct all non-military space activity, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created in February 1958 to develop space technology for military application. NACA is capable, by rapid extension and expansion of its effort, of providing leadership in space technology. It is accordingly proposed that the scientific research be the responsibility of a national civilian agency. It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space. On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology", stating, On January 12, 1958, NACA organized a "Special Committee on Space Technology", headed by Guyford Stever. The result was a consensus that the White House forged among key interest groups, including scientists committed to basic research the Pentagon which had to match the Soviet military achievement corporate America looking for new business and a strong new trend in public opinion looking up to space exploration. Eisenhower counseled more deliberate measures. The US Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the " Sputnik crisis"), urged immediate and swift action President Dwight D. After the Soviet space program's launch of the world's first artificial satellite ( Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch an artificial satellite for the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). Short 2018 documentary about NASA produced for its 60th anniversaryīeginning in 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) began experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. Each is led by a Center Director (data below valid as of September 1, 2022). The administration operates 10 major field centers with several managing additional subordinate facilities across the country. The MSD budget estimate includes funds for these HQ functions. Management LeadershipĬenter-wide activities such as the Chief Engineer and Safety and Mission Assurance organizations are aligned to the headquarters function. NASA's science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate's Heliophysics Research Program exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft such as New Horizons and planetary rovers such as Perseverance and researching astrophysics topics, such as the Big Bang, through the James Webb Space Telescope, and the Great Observatories and associated programs. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program, which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches. NASA supports the International Space Station and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the crewed lunar Artemis program, Commercial Crew spacecraft, and the planned Lunar Gateway space station. NASA has since led most American space exploration, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968-1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. space development effort a distinctly civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. NASA was established in 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), to give the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA / ˈ n æ s ə/) is an independent agency of the U.S. ![]()
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